Everything about Commuting totally explained
Commuting is the process of
travelling between one's place of residence and regular place of work. Students who are enrolled at a
college or
university but who live off-campus are also typically referred to as commuters; institutions that have few
dormitories are called
commuter schools in the
United States.
Prior to the
19th century most workers lived less than an hour's walking distance from their workplace, whereas modern commuting may refer to people travelling, usually daily, to workplaces beyond their own towns, cities and villages.
Commuting is largely a phenomenon of
industrialised societies, where access to modern
modes of travel such as
automobile,
trains,
buses and
bicycles has enabled people to live far from their workplace, sometimes by choice, sometimes when forced to do so by the high cost of housing in city centres.
The advent of modern commuting has had a large impact on life. It has allowed
cities to expand to sizes which were previously not practical, and it has led to the proliferation of
suburbs.
Many large cities or
conurbations are surrounded by
commuter belts, also known as
metropolitan areas, where people who work in the
city live. These regions are often called
commuter towns, dormitory towns, or bedroom communities.
As
urban sprawl pushes farther and farther away from
central business districts, new businesses can appear in
outlying cities, leading to the existence of the
reverse commuter who lives in a core city but works in the suburbs, and to a type of secondary commuter who lives in a more distant
exurb and works in the outlying city or industrial suburb.
Because most commuters are travelling at the same time of day, commuting gives rise to the morning and evening "rush hours", with congestion on roads and public transport systems not designed or maintained well enough to cope with today's peak demands.
Cars with a single occupant use fuel and roads less efficiently per person than shared cars or public transport. Hence, commuting by car is a major contributing factor to
traffic congestion and
air pollution. In response, some governments and employers have introduced employee
travel reduction programs that encourage such alternatives as
carpooling and
telecommuting.
The word 'commuter' was originally used for travellers paying a reduced or 'commuted' fare for an advance-purchase rail season ticket valid for a fixed number of days, weeks, or months. Such tickets usually allow the traveller to repeat the same journey as often as they like during the period of validity: usually, the longer the period, the cheaper the cost per day.
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